Purchase Order

A commercial source document issued when placing an order with vendors or suppliers

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What is a Purchase Order?

A purchase order is a commercial source document that is issued by a business’ purchasing department when placing an order with its vendors or suppliers. The document indicates the details on the items that are to be purchased, such as the types of goods, quantity, and price. In simple terms, it is the contract drafted by the buyer when purchasing goods from the seller.

Steps in Ordering

1. Buyer creates a purchase requisition

Before sending out the purchase order to the supplier, the first step is to create a purchase requisition. This is a document issued within the company to the purchasing department to keep track of the goods ordered.

The purchase requisition also helps the company keep an account of their expenses. The PO is created only after the purchase requisition is approved by the authorized manager.

2. Buyer creates a purchase order

When the goods that need to be purchased are agreed upon, the purchase order is created. The PO lists the date of the order, FOB shipping information, discount terms, names of the buyer and seller, description of the goods being purchased, item number, price, quantity, and the PO number.

The PO number is a unique number associated with a certain order. It serves two purposes. One is to ensure that the goods ordered match the ones that are received. Secondly, the PO number is matched to the invoice to make sure the buyer is charged the right amount for the goods.

3. Seller accepts (or rejects) purchase order

At the bottom of the purchase order is a dotted line for the authorized manager of the seller to sign off on the order. The PO includes all the details about the transaction and what the buyer expects to receive. Once the seller receives the PO, they have the right to either accept or reject the document. However, once the PO is accepted, it becomes a legally binding contract for both parties involved.

4. Buyer records purchase order

Once the order has been placed, the purchase order remains “open.” An open purchase order is a PO where the order is placed but the goods have not yet been received, or it can mean that only part of the order has been received. Either way, it signifies that the delivery of the goods is not complete.

Benefits of Purchase Orders

1. Avoids duplicate orders

Purchase orders bring several benefits to a company. The most important is that it helps avoid duplicate orders. When a company decides to scale the business, POs can help keep track of what has been ordered and from whom.

Also, when a buyer orders similar products, matching the invoices can be difficult. The PO serves as a check for the invoices that need to be paid.

2. Keeps track of incoming orders

In addition, POs help keep track of incoming orders, and a well-organized purchase order system can help simplify the inventory and shipping process.

3. Serves as legal documents

Purchase orders serve as legal documents and help avoid any future disputes regarding the transaction.

How Does the Supplier Use the Purchase Order?

Purchase orders play a major role in the inventory management process. When the supplier receives the PO, they will take the items listed in the PO from their inventory. The PO helps keep a record of the inventory on hand and identify any discrepancies between the values shown in the records and the actual stock.

Additionally, the supplier needs the PO to fill the order correctly. The buyer will also be charged by the supplier based on the payment terms agreed upon in the PO.

P

urchase Order vs. Invoice

The purchase order is a document generated by the buyer and serves the purpose of ordering goods from the supplier. The invoice, on the other hand, is generated by the supplier and shows how much the buyer needs to pay for goods bought from the supplier. The PO is a contract of the sale while the invoice is the confirmation of the sale.

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urchase Order vs. Sales Order

While the purchase order shows what goods were ordered from the supplier, the sales order is generated by the supplier and sent to the buyer. It signifies the confirmation or approval of the sale. Nowadays, the PO process is no longer paper-based, and the buyer usually sends its suppliers an electronic PO. This is done using the PO module in ERP software. It helps speed up the purchasing process while decreasing the chance of error.

More Resources

Thank you for reading CFI’s guide to Purchase Order. To keep learning and developing your knowledge of financial analysis, we highly recommend the additional CFI resources below:

Let’s talk about purchase order creation. 

Buying goods and services for yourself is pretty simple, both for you as the buyer and for the vendor. You know what you need, when you need it by, what the allocated budget is, etc. You can source the product or service from the right vendor and simply buy it. For the vendor, it’s simple too – he provides what you need, charges you for it, and you both live happily ever after.

When businesses or organizations buy things, it isn’t as simple. Firstly, establishing a need, getting approvals, and dealing with payments are often handled by different people, with time and gaps between interactions often resulting in communication issues and data loss. Secondly, payments themselves can have issues if invoices are addressed to the wrong entity or if the wrong vendor bank account is inserted in the system. On top of that, businesses need a clear audit log of what specific steps led to money getting spent – who did what, when, and why. Not only does this prevent misconduct and (in nightmare situations) fraud, it also helps companies achieve certifications and go through successful mergers and acquisitions. Even going public requires a proper audit log.

However, with the right practices it is possible to overcome the challenges of business procurement, and purchase orders are key. Let’s dive into the good old PO process; learn what POs are, how POs work, as well as how and where POs are created. In short, in just a few minutes, you’ll be up to PO speed!

What is a Purchase Order?

A purchase order (PO) is a legal document sent from the buyer to the vendor which authorizes a purchase of goods or services. It is created after a PO request, or purchase request is submitted and approve. The purchase order details what’s being purchased, for what amount, in what quantity, and also expected dates (or time frame) and place (or places) of delivery. The PO document is legally binding, but more importantly, it helps both sides of the transaction log deliver and streamline the purchase. Who creates a purchase order? A purchase order is created by the buyer after the purchase request is approved. It is then sent to the vendor or supplier. 

There are 4 types of purchase orders: 

• Standard purchase orders – these are the most common POs, and they reflect a situation in which the buyer knows exactly what they’re buying, the cost, quantity, delivery date and place.
• Planned purchase orders – these are used when the buyer knows what they are buying and for what cost (per item), but the quantity and delivery date is still unclear, and therefore, estimated.
• Blanket purchase orders – these can be used to negotiate better pricing or secure stock and delivery dates in advance. Planned POs and blanket POs are often used interchangeably, for example in the case of consultants, law firms etc.
• Contract purchase orders – basically, this is a standard purchase order with a signature page, which is sometimes used by large enterprises that look to be extra safe. You won’t typically come across many of these.

Let’s focus on standard purchase orders for now.

Steps to Creating a Purchase Order

1. The purchase is approved on the buyer’s side
   If the business deploys a proper procurement process, the purchase order creation should be the result of a purchase request (or requisition) going through an approval process. The approval process will usually start with the requester’s manager, and depending on the purchase’s amount, type, and sensitivity, may require additional approval from other stakeholders (budget owners, legal, security, and finance teams).
2. The buyer sends the vendor the purchase order
   Once the purchase order creation is done, the buyer sends it to the vendor either via email, or automatically using the business’s PO or ERP system. The vendor should acknowledge receipt of the PO so that the business knows everything is on track.
3. The vendor fulfills the order
   The vendor should now supply the goods or services according to the details listed in the purchase order. At this stage, the vendor will send the buyer the invoice which reflects the PO. Usually, the business would mark ‘Goods Received’ on the purchase order’s line items, which will later be used by the business’s AP department for what’s called ‘3-way matching.’
4. The buyer pays the vendor’s invoice
   The business processes the invoice, and pays the vendor based on the payment terms, which are also dictated and listed on the purchase order.

Important Purchase Order Information

Creating a purchase order will usually be conducted over a digital system, which either contains or automatically generates most of the purchase order’s information. Using digital systems is the only way to really scale procurement operations, and without it a business will quickly get lost in piles of unorganized papers. 

A purchase order needs to contain the following information:

• PO number – this is a unique number that allows both sides to easily find and log the PO
• Buyer details – formal name and address
• Vendor details – formal name and address, contact information is often added
• Shipping address – the address to where the goods will be shipped. If a service is covered in the PO, this will be the buyer’s address
• Line items – list of items which include their
  • Item name
  • Item ID
  • Item description
  • Quantity
  • Discount
  • Unit price
• Subtotal – total cost, including shipping cost, minus discounts. Tax is added, if applied

Here’s an example of a purchase order: Feel free to download our PDF and Word templates :-).

Methods to Create a PO Using Accounting, ERP, or PO Systems

Purchase orders and purchase order management are important to both businesses and their vendors. They help streamline the enterprise procurement process, add a layer of assurance to the transaction, help both sides stay organized and deal with challenges when those arise. So now that you’ve decided to start a purchase order process, where should start your purchase order creation?

Word doc or PDF – using one of the widely available templates, you can customize your own PO and start sending them right away. However, it may become challenging to deploy the other parts of the PO process, such as requisition approvals,invoice matching, and generally keeping everything organized. 

Accounting tools – some accounting software like Quickbooks can be leveraged to generate purchase orders. Creating POs in Quickbooks is a good option if you’re a small business looking to introduce some order into your purchasing, but for larger organizations, it likely won’t scale.

ERP – enterprise resource planning software always comes with a PO module which can be leveraged to create POs. Generating POs on the ERP, as you do other important financial processes, is good practice, however, ERPs are often technical and complex, making the purchase approval and ‘goods received’ steps of the process hard on employees.

Purpose built PO tools – these systems use the best of both worlds; they have a simple interface for users to create purchase requests, for approvers to approve those requests, and upon approval, they create purchase orders which can be configured to be sent automatically to the vendor. Some PO tools offer additional financial capabilities like invoice and payment automation, however most enterprises prefer to keep those purely financial processes on the ERP. All of these features help make the purchase approval process more friction-free.

Any business can recognize the true value in purchase orders.  This important documentation  helps both businesses and their vendors stay on top of their procurement processes, close any time or money wasting gaps, and work better, together.

Interested in implementing a spend management system that simplifies and streamlines your business’s existing process? Check out Approve.com and request a free demo today!

FAQs

What is a purchase order?

A purchase order is an official, binding document created and sent by the buyer to the seller. It includes the items being purchased, the quantity, pricing, expected delivery date, etc. The seller uses it to fulfill the order and once sent and received by the buyer, it is compared against the invoice and goods received note to issue payment and close the purchase.

Why is a PO created?

A PO or purchase order is created to provide the seller (the selected vendor or supplier) an official document listing the information needed to fulfill the order. After the order is fulfilled, it is used to match to the invoice and goods received note in order to issue payment, and it is important for record keeping and auditing purposes.

Who should create a purchase order?

The buyer should create the purchase order. The buyer, also known in the procurement process as the purchase requestor, will create a purchase order once the purchase request is approved. The buyer then sends the purchase order to the supplier (seller) so that they can accurately fulfill the purchase.